Ethics_society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ethics_society - Essay Example The essence of utilitarianism is to minimize suffering across the world and maximize happiness. In such a case, the society becomes aligned in the most effective way as people only focus on making themselves and others happy. The moral essence of any action is largely determined by its outcome or consequences. In this case, both the actual consequences and the intended consequences are factors of core consideration. Utilitarianism in its own self therefore seeks to foster a just society where every person respects the other and seeks to enhance the happiness of everybody (Paley, 56). The concept of deontology on the other hand seeks to judge the aspect of morality in the actions of people on whether such actions adhere to the rules. It is known that rules are intended to create justice and fairness by guiding the conduct of humanity towards doing what is morally right. In this regard, it is seen that the consequences of actions do not really matter but the intention or motives of the people who do them. In this regard, the consequences of an action will always be right as long as the intention is of the doer is right. In the practical sense, deontological ethics are quite important in creating a society where people only wish well and are focused on doing the right thing. Such a society is indeed important in enhancing peace, morality and ethical conduct (Paley, 112). Deontological ethics are therefore a justification for certain actions. In any case, the mere following of moral codes of conduct is not enough. It is important to have the right motivations in the actions we do. Thus, a person might essentially not be regarded as immoral even though they might have broken a moral rule. Subjective determination of duties and obligations does not therefore find room in this context. Rather, it is a matter of objective

Connection between Neighborhood Crime and academic performance Annotated Bibliography

Connection between Neighborhood Crime and academic performance - Annotated Bibliography Example Bowen, N. K., & Bowen, G. L. (1999). Effects of crime and violence in neighborhoods and schools on the school behavior and performance of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 14(3), 319-342. doi: 10.1177/0743558499143003 This study examined the relationship between neighborhood and school violence and adolescents' behavior and academic performance. Specifically, the authors wanted to discover how violence affects student's attendance, behavior, and grades. Data on students' self-reported exposure to neighborhood and school violence was gathered from a sample of middle and high school students who completed the National School Success Profile (SSP). The SSP revealed reports of high exposure to environmental danger among African-Americans, males, high school students, school lunch recipients, and urban students. The study found that both neighborhood and school danger predicted attendance and behavior. Neighborhood danger, however, was more predictive of school outcomes than do school danger. This study contributed in the early identification of adolescents living in dangerous school and neighborhood environments. The authors suggested taking an ecological approach in assessing school environments to e ncourage excellent academic performance among adolescent students. Ceballo, R., McLoyd, V. C., & Toyokawa, T. (2004). The influence of neighborhood quality on adolescents’ educational values and school effort. Journal of Adolescent Research, 19(6), 716-739. ... Specifically, associations were found between neighborhood quality and educational values of African-American females. In addition, the study yielded gender-specific results when the model was tested separately for males and females. Dearing, E. (2004). The developmental implications of restrictive and supportive parenting across neighborhoods and ethnicities: Exceptions are the rule. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25(5), 555-575. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.08.007   This study explored the effect of neighborhood crime and income on the relationship between parenting style and child behavior. Restrictive and supportive parenting styles are said to influence a child's emotional well-being and academic performance. Using a longitudinal design, elementary school-age children of African-American, European-American, and Latino-American descent were studied. Positive associations were found between restrictive parenting style and depression, and between supportive parenting s tyle and academic performance. Negative association, meanwhile, was found between restrictive parenting style and academic performance. In riskier neighborhoods, the negative effect of restrictive style in European-American children was exacerbated. On the other hand, both restrictive and supportive styles were found to be  a protective factor among African-American children in riskier neighborhoods. The results for Latino-American children were generally similar with those of African-American. The author concluded that parenting styles and neighborhood context influenced children's development. Eamon, M. K. (2005). Social-demographic, school, neighborhood, and parenting influences on the academic achievement of Latino